Node.js Tutorial
Node.js is an open source server environment.
Node.js allows you to run JavaScript on the server.
Example
var http = require(‘http’);
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/plain’});
res.end(‘Hello World!’);
}).listen(8080);
What is Node.js?
Node.js is an open source server environment
Node.js is free
Node.js runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)
Node.js uses JavaScript on the server
Why Node.js?
Node.js uses asynchronous programming!
A common task for a web server can be to open a file on the server and return the content to the client.
Here is how PHP or ASP handles a file request:
- Sends the task to the computer’s file system.
- Waits while the file system opens and reads the file.
- Returns the content to the client.
- Ready to handle the next request.
Here is how Node.js handles a file request:
- Sends the task to the computer’s file system.
- Ready to handle the next request.
- When the file system has opened and read the file, the server returns the content to the client.
- Node.js eliminates the waiting, and simply continues with the next request.
- Node.js runs single-threaded, non-blocking, asynchronously programming, which is very memory efficient.
What Can Node.js Do?
- Node.js can generate dynamic page content
- Node.js can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server
- Node.js can collect form data
- Node.js can add, delete, modify data in your database
What is a Node.js File?
- Node.js files contain tasks that will be executed on certain events
- A typical event is someone trying to access a port on the server
- Node.js files must be initiated on the server before having any effect
- Node.js files have extension “.js”
Download Node.js
The official Node.js website has installation instructions for Node.js: https://nodejs.org
Getting Started
Once you have downloaded and installed Node.js on your computer, lets try to display “Hello World” in a web browser.
Create a Node.js file named “myfirst.js”, and add the following code:
myfirst.js
var http = require(‘http’);
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/html’});
res.end(‘Hello World!’);
}).listen(8080);
Save the file on your computer: C:\Users\Your Name\myfirst.js
The code tells the computer to write “Hello World!” if anyone (e.g. a web browser) tries to access your computer on port 8080.
Command Line Interface
Node.js files must be initiated in the “Command Line Interface” program of your computer.
How to open the command line interface on your computer depends on the operating system. For Windows users, press the start button and look for “Command Prompt”, or simply write “cmd” in the search field.
Navigate to the folder that contains the file “myfirst.js”, the command line interface window should look something like this:
C:\Users\Your Name>_
Initiate the Node.js File
The file you have just created must be initiated by Node.js before any action can take place.
Start your command line interface, write node myfirst.js and hit enter:
Initiate “myfirst.js”:
C:\Users\Your Name>node myfirst.js
Now, your computer works as a server!
If anyone tries to access your computer on port 8080, they will get a “Hello World!” message in return!
Start your internet browser, and type in the address: http://localhost:8080
Node.js Modules
What is a Module in Node.js?
Consider modules to be the same as JavaScript libraries.
A set of functions you want to include in your application.
Built-in Modules
Node.js has a set of built-in modules which you can use without any further installation.
Look at our Built-in Modules Reference for a complete list of modules.
Include Modules
To include a module, use the require() function with the name of the module:
var http = require(‘http’);
Now your application has access to the HTTP module, and is able to create a server:
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/html’});
res.end(‘Hello World!’);
}).listen(8080);
Create Your Own Modules
You can create your own modules, and easily include them in your applications.
The following example creates a module that returns a date and time object:
Example
Create a module that returns the current date and time:
exports.myDateTime = function () {
return Date();
};
Use the exports keyword to make properties and methods available outside the module file.
Save the code above in a file called “myfirstmodule.js”
include Your Own Module
Now you can include and use the module in any of your Node.js files.
Example
Use the module “myfirstmodule” in a Node.js file:
var http = require(‘http’);
var dt = require(‘./myfirstmodule’);
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/html’});
res.write(“The date and time are currently: ” + dt.myDateTime());
res.end();
}).listen(8080);
Notice that we use ./ to locate the module, that means that the module is located in the same folder as the Node.js file.
Save the code above in a file called “demo_module.js”, and initiate the file:
Initiate demo_module.js:
C:\Users\Your Name>node demo_module.js
If you have followed the same steps on your computer, you will see the same result as the example: http://localhost:8080
Node.js HTTP Module
The Built-in HTTP Module
Node.js has a built-in module called HTTP, which allows Node.js to transfer data over the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
To include the HTTP module, use the require() method:
var http = require(‘http’);
Node.js as a Web Server
The HTTP module can create an HTTP server that listens to server ports and gives a response back to the client.
Use the createServer() method to create an HTTP server:
Example
var http = require(‘http’);
//create a server object:
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.write(‘Hello World!’); //write a response to the client
res.end(); //end the response
}).listen(8080); //the server object listens on port 8080
The function passed into the http.createServer() method, will be executed when someone tries to access the computer on port 8080.
Save the code above in a file called “demo_http.js”, and initiate the file:
Initiate demo_http.js:
C:\Users\Your Name>node demo_http.js
If you have followed the same steps on your computer, you will see the same result as the example: http://localhost:8080
Add an HTTP Header
If the response from the HTTP server is supposed to be displayed as HTML, you should include an HTTP header with the correct content type:
Example
var http = require(‘http’);
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/html’});
res.write(‘Hello World!’);
res.end();
}).listen(8080);
The first argument of the res.writeHead() method is the status code, 200 means that all is OK, the second argument is an object containing the response headers.
Read the Query String
The function passed into the http.createServer() has a req argument that represents the request from the client, as an object (http.IncomingMessage object).
This object has a property called “url” which holds the part of the url that comes after the domain name:
demo_http_url.js
var http = require(‘http’);
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/html’});
res.write(req.url);
res.end();
}).listen(8080);
Save the code above in a file called “demo_http_url.js” and initiate the file:
Initiate demo_http_url.js:
C:\Users\Your Name>node demo_http_url.js
If you have followed the same steps on your computer, you should see two different results when opening these two addresses:
http://localhost:8080/summer
Will produce this result:
/summer
http://localhost:8080/winter
Will produce this result:
/winter
Split the Query String
There are built-in modules to easily split the query string into readable parts, such as the URL module.
Example
Split the query string into readable parts:
var http = require(‘http’);
var url = require(‘url’);
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/html’});
var q = url.parse(req.url, true).query;
var txt = q.year + ” ” + q.month;
res.end(txt);
}).listen(8080);
Save the code above in a file called “demo_querystring.js” and initiate the file:
Initiate demo_querystring.js:
C:\Users\Your Name>node demo_querystring.js
The address:
http://localhost:8080/?year=2017&month=July
Will produce this result:
2017 July
Node.js File System Module
Node.js as a File Server
The Node.js file system module allow you to work with the file system on your computer.
To include the File System module, use the require() method:
var fs = require(‘fs’);
Common use for the File System module:
Read files
Create files
Update files
Delete files
Rename files
Read Files
The fs.readFile() method is used to read files on your computer.
Assume we have the following HTML file (located in the same folder as Node.js):
demofile1.html
<html>
<body>
<h1>My Header</h1>
<p>My paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Create a Node.js file that reads the HTML file, and return the content:
Example
var http = require(‘http’);
var fs = require(‘fs’);
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
fs.readFile(‘demofile1.html’, function(err, data) {
res.writeHead(200, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/html’});
res.write(data);
res.end();
});
}).listen(8080);
Save the code above in a file called “demo_readfile.js”, and initiate the file:
Initiate demo_readfile.js:
C:\Users\Your Name>node demo_readfile.js
If you have followed the same steps on your computer, you will see the same result as the example: http://localhost:8080
Create Files
The File System module has methods for creating new files:
fs.appendFile()
fs.open()
fs.writeFile()
The fs.appendFile() method appends specified content to a file. If the file does not exist, the file will be created:
Example
Create a new file using the appendFile() method:
var fs = require(‘fs’);
fs.appendFile(‘mynewfile1.txt’, ‘Hello content!’, function (err) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(‘Saved!’);
});
The fs.open() method takes a “flag” as the second argument, if the flag is “w” for “writing”, the specified file is opened for writing. If the file does not exist, an empty file is created:
Example
Create a new, empty file using the open() method:
var fs = require(‘fs’);
fs.open(‘mynewfile2.txt’, ‘w’, function (err, file) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(‘Saved!’);
});
The fs.writeFile() method replaces the specified file and content if it exists. If the file does not exist, a new file, containing the specified content, will be created:
Example
Create a new file using the writeFile() method:
var fs = require(‘fs’);
fs.writeFile(‘mynewfile3.txt’, ‘Hello content!’, function (err) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(‘Saved!’);
});
Update Files
The File System module has methods for updating files:
fs.appendFile()
fs.writeFile()
The fs.appendFile() method appends the specified content at the end of the specified file:
Example
Append “This is my text.” to the end of the file “mynewfile1.txt”:
var fs = require(‘fs’);
fs.appendFile(‘mynewfile1.txt’, ‘ This is my text.’, function (err) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(‘Updated!’);
});
The fs.writeFile() method replaces the specified file and content:
Example
Replace the content of the file “mynewfile3.txt”:
var fs = require(‘fs’);
fs.writeFile(‘mynewfile3.txt’, ‘This is my text’, function (err) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(‘Replaced!’);
});
Delete Files
To delete a file with the File System module, use the fs.unlink() method.
The fs.unlink() method deletes the specified file:
Example
Delete “mynewfile2.txt”:
var fs = require(‘fs’);
fs.unlink(‘mynewfile2.txt’, function (err) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(‘File deleted!’);
});
Rename Files
To rename a file with the File System module, use the fs.rename() method.
The fs.rename() method renames the specified file:
Example
Rename “mynewfile1.txt” to “myrenamedfile.txt”:
var fs = require(‘fs’);
fs.rename(‘mynewfile1.txt’, ‘myrenamedfile.txt’, function (err) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(‘File Renamed!’);
});
Upload Files
You can also use Node.js to upload files to your computer.
Node.js URL Module
The Built-in URL Module
The URL module splits up a web address into readable parts.
To include the URL module, use the require() method:
var url = require(‘url’);
Parse an address with the url.parse() method, and it will return a URL object with each part of the address as properties:
Example
Split a web address into readable parts:
var url = require(‘url’);
var adr = ‘http://localhost:8080/default.htm?year=2017&month=february’;
var q = url.parse(adr, true);
console.log(q.host); //returns ‘localhost:8080’
console.log(q.pathname); //returns ‘/default.htm’
console.log(q.search); //returns ‘?year=2017&month=february’
var qdata = q.query; //returns an object: { year: 2017, month: ‘february’ }
console.log(qdata.month); //returns ‘february’
Node.js File Server
Now we know how to parse the query string, and in the previous chapter we learned how to make Node.js behave as a file server. Let us combine the two, and serve the file requested by the client.
Create two html files and save them in the same folder as your node.js files.
summer.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>Summer</h1>
<p>I love the sun!</p>
</body>
</html>
winter.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>Winter</h1>
<p>I love the snow!</p>
</body>
</html>
Create a Node.js file that opens the requested file and returns the content to the client. If anything goes wrong, throw a 404 error:
demo_fileserver.js:
var http = require(‘http’);
var url = require(‘url’);
var fs = require(‘fs’);
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
var q = url.parse(req.url, true);
var filename = “.” + q.pathname;
fs.readFile(filename, function(err, data) {
if (err) {
res.writeHead(404, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/html’});
return res.end(“404 Not Found”);
}
res.writeHead(200, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/html’});
res.write(data);
return res.end();
});
}).listen(8080);
Remember to initiate the file:
Initiate demo_fileserver.js:
C:\Users\Your Name>node demo_fileserver.js
If you have followed the same steps on your computer, you should see two different results when opening these two addresses:
http://localhost:8080/summer.html
Will produce this result:
Summer
I love the sun!
http://localhost:8080/winter.html
Will produce this result:
Winter
I love the snow!
Node.js NPM
What is NPM?
NPM is a package manager for Node.js packages, or modules if you like.
www.npmjs.com hosts thousands of free packages to download and use.
The NPM program is installed on your computer when you install Node.js
NPM is already ready to run on your computer!
What is a Package?
A package in Node.js contains all the files you need for a module.
Modules are JavaScript libraries you can include in your project.
Download a Package
Downloading a package is very easy.
Open the command line interface and tell NPM to download the package you want.
I want to download a package called “upper-case”:
Download “upper-case”:
C:\Users\Your Name>npm install upper-case
Now you have downloaded and installed your first package!
NPM creates a folder named “node_modules”, where the package will be placed. All packages you install in the future will be placed in this folder.
My project now has a folder structure like this:
C:\Users\My Name\node_modules\upper-case
Using a Package
Once the package is installed, it is ready to use.
Include the “upper-case” package the same way you include any other module:
var uc = require(‘upper-case’);
Create a Node.js file that will convert the output “Hello World!” into upper-case letters:
Example
var http = require(‘http’);
var uc = require(‘upper-case’);
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/html’});
res.write(uc(“Hello World!”));
res.end();
}).listen(8080);
Save the code above in a file called “demo_uppercase.js”, and initiate the file:
Initiate demo_uppercase:
C:\Users\Your Name>node demo_uppercase.js
If you have followed the same steps on your computer, you will see the same result as the example: http://localhost:8080
Node.js Events
Node.js is perfect for event-driven applications.
Events in Node.js
Every action on a computer is an event. Like when a connection is made or a file is opened.
Objects in Node.js can fire events, like the readStream object fires events when opening and closing a file:
Example
var fs = require(‘fs’);
var rs = fs.createReadStream(‘./demofile.txt’);
rs.on(‘open’, function () {
console.log(‘The file is open’);
});
Events Module
Node.js has a built-in module, called “Events”, where you can create-, fire-, and listen for- your own events.
To include the built-in Events module use the require() method. In addition, all event properties and methods are an instance of an EventEmitter object. To be able to access these properties and methods, create an EventEmitter object:
var events = require(‘events’);
var eventEmitter = new events.EventEmitter();
The EventEmitter Object
You can assign event handlers to your own events with the EventEmitter object.
In the example below we have created a function that will be executed when a “scream” event is fired.
To fire an event, use the emit() method.
Example
var events = require(‘events’);
var eventEmitter = new events.EventEmitter();
//Create an event handler:
var myEventHandler = function () {
console.log(‘I hear a scream!’);
}
//Assign the event handler to an event:
eventEmitter.on(‘scream’, myEventHandler);
//Fire the ‘scream’ event:
eventEmitter.emit(‘scream’);
Node.js Upload Files
The Formidable Module
There is a very good module for working with file uploads, called “Formidable”.
The Formidable module can be downloaded and installed using NPM:
C:\Users\Your Name>npm install formidable
After you have downloaded the Formidable module, you can include the module in any application:
var formidable = require(‘formidable’);
Upload Files
Now you are ready to make a web page in Node.js that lets the user upload files to your computer:
Step 1: Create an Upload Form
Create a Node.js file that writes an HTML form, with an upload field:
Example
This code will produce an HTML form:
var http = require(‘http’);
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/html’});
res.write(‘<form action=”fileupload” method=”post” enctype=”multipart/form-data”>’);
res.write(‘<input type=”file” name=”filetoupload”><br>’);
res.write(‘<input type=”submit”>’);
res.write(‘</form>’);
return res.end();
}).listen(8080);
Step 2: Parse the Uploaded File
Include the Formidable module to be able to parse the uploaded file once it reaches the server.
When the file is uploaded and parsed, it gets placed on a temporary folder on your computer.
Example
The file will be uploaded, and placed on a temporary folder:
var http = require(‘http’);
var formidable = require(‘formidable’);
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
if (req.url == ‘/fileupload’) {
var form = new formidable.IncomingForm();
form.parse(req, function (err, fields, files) {
res.write(‘File uploaded’);
res.end();
});
} else {
res.writeHead(200, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/html’});
res.write(‘<form action=”fileupload” method=”post” enctype=”multipart/form-data”>’);
res.write(‘<input type=”file” name=”filetoupload”><br>’);
res.write(‘<input type=”submit”>’);
res.write(‘</form>’);
return res.end();
}
}).listen(8080);
Step 3: Save the File
When a file is successfully uploaded to the server, it is placed on a temporary folder.
The path to this directory can be found in the “files” object, passed as the third argument in the parse() method’s callback function.
To move the file to the folder of your choice, use the File System module, and rename the file:
Example
Include the fs module, and move the file to the current folder:
var http = require(‘http’);
var formidable = require(‘formidable’);
var fs = require(‘fs’);
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
if (req.url == ‘/fileupload’) {
var form = new formidable.IncomingForm();
form.parse(req, function (err, fields, files) {
var oldpath = files.filetoupload.path;
var newpath = ‘C:/Users/Your Name/’ + files.filetoupload.name;
fs.rename(oldpath, newpath, function (err) {
if (err) throw err;
res.write(‘File uploaded and moved!’);
res.end();
});
});
} else {
res.writeHead(200, {‘Content-Type’: ‘text/html’});
res.write(‘<form action=”fileupload” method=”post” enctype=”multipart/form-data”>’);
res.write(‘<input type=”file” name=”filetoupload”><br>’);
res.write(‘<input type=”submit”>’);
res.write(‘</form>’);
return res.end();
}
}).listen(8080);
Node.js Send an Email
The Nodemailer Module
The Nodemailer module makes it easy to send emails from your computer.
The Nodemailer module can be downloaded and installed using npm:
C:\Users\Your Name>npm install nodemailer
After you have downloaded the Nodemailer module, you can include the module in any application:
var nodemailer = require(‘nodemailer’);
Send an Email
Now you are ready to send emails from your server.
Use the username and password from your selected email provider to send an email. This tutorial will show you how to use your Gmail account to send an email:
Example
var nodemailer = require(‘nodemailer’);
var transporter = nodemailer.createTransport({
service: ‘gmail’,
auth: {
user: ‘youremail@gmail.com’,
pass: ‘yourpassword’
}
});
var mailOptions = {
from: ‘youremail@gmail.com’,
to: ‘myfriend@yahoo.com’,
subject: ‘Sending Email using Node.js’,
text: ‘That was easy!’
};
transporter.sendMail(mailOptions, function(error, info){
if (error) {
console.log(error);
} else {
console.log(‘Email sent: ‘ + info.response);
}
});
And that’s it! Now your server is able to send emails.
Multiple Receivers
To send an email to more than one receiver, add them to the “to” property of the mailOptions object, separated by commas:
Example
Send email to more than one address:
var mailOptions = {
from: ‘youremail@gmail.com’,
to: ‘myfriend@yahoo.com, myotherfriend@yahoo.com’,
subject: ‘Sending Email using Node.js’,
text: ‘That was easy!’
}
Send HTML
To send HTML formatted text in your email, use the “html” property instead of the “text” property:
Example
Send email containing HTML:
var mailOptions = {
from: ‘youremail@gmail.com’,
to: ‘myfriend@yahoo.com’,
subject: ‘Sending Email using Node.js’,
html: ‘<h1>Welcome</h1><p>That was easy!</p>’